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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Strategic complements ： ウィキペディア英語版 Strategic complements In economics and game theory, the decisions of two or more players are called strategic complements if they mutually reinforce one another, and they are called strategic substitutes if they mutually offset one another. These terms were originally coined by Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985).〔J. Bulow, J. Geanakoplos, and P. Klemperer (1985), 'Multimarket oligopoly: strategic substitutes and strategic complements'. ''Journal of Political Economy'' 93, pp. 488-511,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1832005 .〕 To see what is meant by 'reinforce' or 'offset', consider a situation in which the players all have similar choices to make, as in the paper of Bulow et al., where the players are all imperfectly competitive firms that must each decide how much to produce. Then the production decisions are strategic complements if an increase in the production of one firm increases the marginal revenues of the others, because that gives the others an incentive to produce more too. This tends to be the case if there are sufficiently strong aggregate increasing returns to scale and/or the demand curves for the firms' products have a sufficiently low own-price elasticity. On the other hand, the production decisions are strategic substitutes if an increase in one firm's output decreases the marginal revenues of the others, giving them an incentive to produce less. According to Russell Cooper and Andrew John, strategic complementarity is the basic property underlying examples of multiple equilibria in coordination games.〔Russell Cooper and Andrew John (1988), 'Coordinating coordination failures in Keynesian models.' ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' 103 (3), pp. 441-63.〕 ==Calculus formulation== Mathematically, consider a symmetric game with two players that each have payoff function $\backslash ,\backslash Pi(x\_i,\; x\_j)\backslash ,$, where $\backslash ,x\_i\backslash ,$ represents the player's own decision, and $\backslash ,x\_j\backslash ,$ represents the decision of the other player. Assume $\backslash ,\backslash Pi\backslash ,$ is increasing and concave in the player's own strategy $\backslash ,x\_i\backslash ,$. Under these assumptions, the two decisions are strategic complements if an increase in each player's own decision $\backslash ,x\_i\backslash ,$ raises the marginal payoff $\backslash frac$ of the other player. In other words, the decisions are strategic complements if the second derivative $\backslash frac$ is positive for $i\; \backslash neq\; j$. Equivalently, this means that the function $\backslash ,\backslash Pi\backslash ,$ is supermodular. On the other hand, the decisions are strategic substitutes if $\backslash frac$ is negative, that is, if $\backslash ,\backslash Pi\backslash ,$ is submodular. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Strategic complements」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.